Anticoagulants

 **__Anticoagulant__** An anticoagulant is a drug that helps prevent the clotting (coagulation) of blood. These drugs tend to prevent new clots from forming or an existing clot from enlarging. They don't dissolve a blood clot. Anticoagulants are also given to certain people at risk for forming blood clots.

Anticoagulant drugs, also called anticlotting drugs or blood thinners, are available only with a physician's prescription. They come in tablet and injectable forms. They fall into three groups: > > **__Indications__** > 1.) Thrombosis/Deep vein thrombosis > -is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel is injured, the body uses platelets and fibrin to form a blood clot, because the first step in repairing it, is to prevent loss of blood. If that mechanism causes too much clotting, and the clot breaks free, and an embolus is formed. > > 2.)Pulmonary Embolism > - is a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream. Usually this is due to embolism of a blood clot from the deep veins in the legs, a process termed venous thromboembolism. > > 3.)Atrial Fibrillation/Cardiac arrhythmia > -The most common cardiac arryhthmia in which the two upper chambers of the heart fibrillate instead of having a coordinated muscular contraction.
 * Inhibitors of clotting factor synthesis. These anticoagulants inhibit the production of certain clotting factors in the liver. One example is warfarin (brand name: coumadin).
 * Inhibitors of thrombin. Thrombin inhibitors interfere with blood clotting by blocking the activity of thrombin. They include heparin, lepirudin (Refludan).
 * Antiplatelet drugs. Antiplatelet drugs interact with platelets, which is a type of blood cell, to block platelets from aggregating into harmful clots. They include: aspirin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), clopidogrel (Plavix), tirofiban (Aggrastat), and eptifibatide (Integrilin).


 * __Ampalo, Alfonso jr__**

**__WARFARIN__**
 * warfarin** belongs to the class of **Oral anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists)**

Tablets Parenteral: -injection
 * __Available dosage from:__**

__**Side Effects:**__
 * 1) Severe bleeding
 * 2) Bleeding from the rectum or black stool
 * 3) Skin conditions such as hives, a rash or itching
 * 4) Swelling of the face, throat, mouth, legs, feet or hands
 * 5) Bruising that comes about without an injury you remember

Hypersensitivity Haemorrhagic tendencies or blood dyscrasia Pregnancy
 * __Contraindications__**


 * __Pregnancy Category__**
 * Category X:** Studies in animals or human beings have demonstrated fetal abnormalities or there is evidence of fetal risk based on human experience or both, and the risk of the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefit. The drug is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant.

**__ENOXAPARIN__** Enoxaparin belongs to the class of Heparin and related compounds

**__Brand Names:__** Lovenox Clexane Clexane Forte

Parenteral: - injection
 * __Available dossage forms:__**

__**Common side effects:**__ 1.bleeding that won't stop; 2.pale skin, easy bruising, unusual weakness; 3.swelling, bruising, or bleeding where an incision was made during a surgery or other medical procedure; 4.sudden numbness or weakness, headache, confusion, problems with vision, speech, or balance; 5.pain or swelling in one or both legs;

Hypersensitivity Acute bacterial endocarditis Haemorrhagic stroke
 * __Contraindications__**

Category B
 * __Pregnancy Category__**

**__Generic name:CILOSTAZOL__**
 * __Dwyer, Sean__**

- Ciletin tab -Clazol tab -Trombocil
 * __Brand name(s)__**

Blood thinner
 * __Specific Class__**

Headache Dizziness Palpitations Diarrhea Vomiting
 * __Side Effects__**

Tablet
 * __Dosage Forms__**

Heart failure History of ventricular arrhythmias Severe renal impairment
 * __Contraindications__**


 * __Pregnancy Category__**
 * Category C:** Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the fetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

**__Generic name: PENTOXIFYLLINE __**

-Pentoxal amp
 * __Brand name(s)__**
 * -**Trental amp
 * -**Toxipen film-coated tab

Nausea Vomiting Dizziness Headache Flushing
 * __Side Effects__**

Tablet Film-coated tablet Ampule
 * __Dosage Form__**

Previous hypersensitivity reactions to xanthine-related products e.g. caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. Recent cerebral and/or retinal haemorrhage Porphyria
 * __Contraindications__**


 * __Pregnancy Category__**
 * Category C**


 * __Carlos, Marites D.__

__ Generic name __** : **__ Dalteparin Na

Brand name(s__)**: Fragmin Eurodal syringe Dalteparin belongs to low molecular wt heparin sodium
 * __Specific class__:

__Side effects__:** Irritation or pain may occur at the injection site, unusual bleeding or bruising, blood in the urine or stool, fever, Allergic reaction include: rash, itching, swelling, dizziness, trouble breathing.

available in injection, ampule
 * __Available dossage forms__**:

__**Contraindications:**__ Acute gastroduodenal ulcer & cerebral hemorrhage, Severe coagulation disorders, septic endocarditis,

Category B**: Either animal-reproduction studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk but there are no controlled studies in pregnant women or animal-reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect (other than a decrease in fertility) that was not confirmed in controlled studies in women in the 1st trimester (and there is no evidence of a risk in later trimesters).
 * __Pregnancy category__:

**__Generic name__**:Tinzaparin

Innohep® [syringe]
 * __Brand name(s__**):

belongs to low molecular wt heparin sodium
 * __Specific class__**:

a bleeding stomach ulcer; uncontrolled nosebleeds; blood vessel damage in the eyes (retinopathy) caused by diabetes; large purple spots or red pinpoint spots under your skin; bleeding from your rectum or vagina
 * __Side effecs__**:

available in injection, solution
 * __Available dossage forms__**:

__**Contraindications**:__ Hypersensitivity to Na bisulfite, Generalized or focal haemorrhagic tendency, uncontrolled severe HTN,septic endocarditis.


 * __Pregnancy category__**:**Category B**

GROUP MEMBERS: AMPALO, Alfonso Jr. DWYER, Sean CARLOS, Marites WACNAG, Christine SCHEDULE: 3:00-4:00, MWF, A206

** 75/100 - you only included 6 drugs instead of 8 **